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I. Basic Passive Components

Referring to devices maintaining raw material molecular structure during manufacturing, commonly known as passive components as they operate without external power supply.

 Resistive Elements

① Fixed Resistors:
The most common electronic component (symbol R) functions to impede current flow. Achieves current limiting, voltage division, and stabilization through resistive materials. Applications include LED current protection, heating elements, and motor speed control.

Parameter identification uses color codes, numerical markings, and digital codes. Main types include film resistors (color-ring/metal film), wire-wound resistors, and thermistors/varistors.

② Variable Resistors (Potentiometers):
Adjust resistance by moving sliding contacts, consisting of resistive body and movable brush. Typical applications include dimmer controls and power supply regulation. Common types include wire-wound, carbon film, and precision potentiometers.

Energy Storage Capacitors (Symbol C)
Store electrical energy through dielectric-separated plates. Perform circuit functions like coupling, filtering, and resonance. Main types include electrolytic (aluminum/tantalum), film (polypropylene), and ceramic capacitors. Parameter marking adopts direct numerical or alphanumeric methods.

 Adjust resistance by moving sliding contacts, consisting of resistive body and movable brush. Typical applications include dimmer controls and power supply regulation. Common types include wire-wound, carbon film, and precision potentiometers.

Energy Storage Capacitors (Symbol C)
Store electrical energy through dielectric-separated plates. Perform circuit functions like coupling, filtering, and resonance. Main types include electrolytic (aluminum/tantalum), film (polypropylene), and ceramic capacitors. Parameter marking adopts direct numerical or alphanumeric methods.

Electromagnetic Inductors

Store magnetic energy via electromagnetic induction, composed of coils and cores. Critical in transformers and resonant circuits. Types include wire-wound, laminated, and toroidal inductors.

II. Functional Devices

Components with altered molecular structures during manufacturing, divided into active and discrete devices.

Active Devices

(1) Semiconductor Devices:

Diodes: PN junction unidirectional conduction for rectification and voltage regulation.

Transistors: Current amplification and switching control (low/high frequency, power types).

FETs: Voltage-controlled devices for high-power load control.

(2) Thyristors: Four-layer semiconductor structure for controlled rectification and AC voltage regulation.

Discrete Devices
Include transistors and semiconductor resistors/capacitors, widely used in consumer electronics and automotive systems.

III. Other Key Components

Voltage Converters (Transformers)
AC voltage conversion via electromagnetic induction, including power frequency and RF transformers.

Electromagnetic Switches (Relays)
Circuit control through electromagnetic principles, applied in automotive electronics and appliance control.

Microcircuit Modules (ICs)
Function-specific chips integrating multiple elements through semiconductor processes, forming core of modern electronics.

Signal Converters (Sensors)
Transform physical quantities into standardized electrical signals, including temperature, pressure, and optical sensors.

Display Units
LED/LCD/OLED technologies for electronic display terminals.

Electroacoustic Transducers
Convert between electrical signals and sound waves (speakers, microphones).

Surface-Mount Devices (SMD)
Miniaturized packaging for compact electronic products.

Connection Components
Various switches and connectors for circuit control.

Frequency Control Devices
Quartz crystals (high precision) and ceramic resonators (economical), applied in precision instruments and consumer electronics respectively.

Conclusion:
The electronics component family ranges from basic resistors/capacitors/inductors to sophisticated ICs and sensors, each playing crucial roles in product design. Understanding component specifications is essential for proper selection. With nanotechnology and material innovations, components are evolving towards miniaturization, high-frequency operation, low power consumption, and intelligence, promising more efficient and intelligent technological solutions.